The chart there has customer discovery and problem discovery with in the domain of PMs and PMMs, when "market research" - as it is traditionally called - is an entirely distinct profession. It takes years to develop those skills, in dedicated roles such as Customer Insights or UX Researcher.

Of course, I have heard of some researchers transitioning to product management, but there is a strong preference in companies to recruit PMs with technical rather than research skills.

Meaning that a very important job to the success of your product is being done by people without the skills and experience to do it well.

I have seen surveys and interviews designed by non-researchers, and they are typically disastrous - like ChatGPT hallucinations, they seem plausible enough, but closer inspection reveals the flaws.

If you have a product in the market but you're unsure how to position it because, when it comes down to it, you don't truly understand your customers and their pain points, that's the biggest symptom of inadequate research support.

Most products fail in the market, but some happen to coincide with user needs and the company becomes successful, but until proper research support is in place, it's unlikely that you'll luck out the next time.

Best to hire professional researchers and work with them - take responsibility for which questions need to be answered, of course, but leave the actual asking to those best placed to help.